A Review on Feed Particle Size and Form: Implications on the Performance and Gut Health of Poultry

Abadi MHMG, Moravej H, Shivazad M, Torshizi MAK & Kim WK. 2019. Effects of feed form and particle size, and pellet binder on performance, digestive tract parameters, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora populations in broilers. Poultry Science, 98(3): 1432-1440. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey488

Abdollahi MR, Ravindran V & Svihus B. 2013a. Influence of grain type and feed form on performance, apparent metabolisable energy and ileal digestibility of nitrogen, starch, fat, calcium and phosphorus in broiler starters. Animal Feed Science and Technolology, 186: 193-203. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.10.015

Abdollahi MR, Ravindran V & Svihus B. 2013b. Pelleting of broiler diets: an overview with emphasis on pellet quality and nutritional value. Animal Feed Science and Technololgy, 179:1–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.10.011

Abdollahi MR, Ravindran V & Svihus B. 2014. Influence of feed form on growth performance, ileal nutrient digestibility, and energy utilisation in broiler starters fed a sorghum-based diet. Livestock Science, 165: 80-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.04.002

Abdollahi MR, Ravindran V, Wester TJ, Ravindran G & Thomas DV. 2011. Animal Feed Science and Technolology, 168: 88-99. DOI: 10.1016/ j.anifeedsci.2011.03.014

Agah MJ & Norollahi H. 2008. Effect of feed form and duration time in growing period on broilers performance. International Journal of Poultry Science, 7: 1074-1077. DOI: 10.3923/ijps. 2008.1074.1077

Amerah A, Ravindran V, Lentle R & Thomas D. 2008. Influence of feed particle size on the performance, energy utilization, digestive tract development, and digesta parameters of broiler starters fed wheat-and corn-based diets. Poultry Science, 87(11): 2320-2328. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00149

Amerah AM, Lentle RG & Ravindran V. 2007. Influence of feed form on gizzard morphology and particle size spectra of duodenal digesta in broiler chickens. Journal of Poultry Science, 44(2): 175-181. DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.44.175

Anwar MN, Ravindran V, Morel PCH, Ravindran G & Cowieson AJ. 2016. Effect of limestone particle size and calcium to non-phytate phosphorus ratio on true ileal calcium digestibility of limestone for broiler chickens. British Poultry  Science, 57:707–713. DOI: 10.1080/00071668 .2016.1196341

Arce-Menocal J, Avila-González E, López-Coello C, Cortes-Cuevas A & Herrera-Camacho J 2020. Maize particle size with the addition of wheat on zootechnical parameters in chickens. Ecosistemas Yrecursos Agropecuarios, 7(1): e2348 DOI: 10.19136/era.a7n1.2348

Attia YA, El-Tahawy WS, Abd El-Hamid AE, Nizza A, Bovera F, Al-Harthi MA & El-Kelway MI. 2014. Effect of feed form, pellet diameter and enzymes supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler during days 21-37 of age. Archives Animal Breeding,  57: 1-11. DOI: 10.7482/0003-9438-57-034

Bayley H, Summers J & Slinger S. 1968. The effect of steam pelleting feed ingredients on chick performance: Effect on phosphorus availability, metabolizable energy value and carcass composition. Poultry Science, 47(4): 1140-1148. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0471140

Benedetti MP, Sartori JR, Carvalho FB, Pereira LA, Fascina VB, Stradiotti AC, Pezzato AC, Costa C & Ferreira JG. 2011. Corn texture and particle size in broiler diets. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 13: 227-234.  DOI: 10.1590/S1516-635X2011000400002 

Bozkurt M, Koçer B, Ege G, Tüzün AE, Bıyık HH & Poyrazoğlu E. 2019. Influence of the particle size and form of feed on growth performance, digestive tract traits and nutrient digestibility of white egg-laying pullets from 1 to 112 D of age. Poultry Science, 98(9):4016-4029. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez144

Calixto JB, Campos MM, Otuki MF & Santos AR. 2004. Anti-inflammatory compounds of plant origin. Part II. Modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules. Planta medica, 70(02): 93-103. DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-815483

Carre B. 2000. Effets de la taille des particules alimentaires sur les processus digestifs chez les oiseaux d'élevage. Productions animals, 12(2): 131-136. hal-02696013f

Carre B, Idi A, Maisonnier S, Melcion JP, Oury FX, Gomez J & Pluchard P. 2002. Relationships          between digestibilities of food components and characteristics of wheats (Triticum aestivum) introduced as the only cereal source in a broiler chicken diet. British Poultry Science, 43(3): 404–415. DOI: 10.1080/00071660120103684

Chewning C, Stark C & Brake J. 2012. Effects of particle size and feed form on broiler performance. Jorurnal of  Appllied Poultry Research, 21(4): 830-837. DOI: 10.3382/japr. 2012-00553

Clavijo V & Florez MJV. 2018. The gastrointestinal microbiome and its association with the control of pathogens in broiler chicken pro-duction: A review. Poultry Science, 97(3): 1006–1021. DOI: 10.3382/ps/ pex359

Crevieu I, Carre B, Chagneau AM, Gueguen J & Melcion JP. 1997. Effect of particle size of pea (Pisum sativumL) flours on the digestion of their proteins in the digestive tract of broilers. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 75(2): 217-226.

Dahlke F, Ribeiro AML, Kessler ADM, Lima AR & Maiorka A. 2003. Effects of corn particle size and physical form of the diet on the gastrointestinal structures of broiler chickens.  Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 5(1): 61-67.  DOI: 10.1590/S1516-635X2003000100008 

Di Cerbo A, Canello S, Guidetti G, Laurino C & Palmieri B. 2014. Unusual antibiotic presence in gym trained subjects with food intolerance: a case report: a preliminary study. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 30(2): 395-398. DOI: 10.3305/ nh.2014.30.2.7594

Di Cerbo A, Pezzuto F, Scarano A, Guidetti G & Canello S. 2020. The contradictory world of Tetracyclines. Panminerva Medica, 62(2): 116-7. DOI:10.23736/S0031-0808.18.03539-5

Edwards JrH, Carlos A, Kasim A & Toledo R. 1999. Effects of steam pelleting and extrusion of feed on phytate phosphorus utilization in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 78(1): 96-101. DOI: 10.1093/ps/78.1.96

Ege G, Bozkurt M, Koçer B, Tüzün A, Uygun M & Alkan G. 2019. Influence of feed particle size and feed form on productive performance, egg quality, gastrointestinal tract traits, digestive enzymes, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of laying hens reared in enriched cages. Poultry Science, 98(9): 3787-3801. DOI: 10.3382/ps /pez082

Engberg RM, Hedemann MS & Jensen BB. 2002. The influence of grinding and pelleting of feed on the microbial composition and activity in the digestive tract of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 43: 569–79.  DOI: 10.1080 /0007166022000004480

Feng D, Shen Y & Chavez ER. 2003. Effectiveness of differ-ent processing methods in reducing hydrogen cyanide content of flaxseed. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 83: 836–841. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.1412

Fernandes E, Pereira W, Hackenhaar L, Rodrigues R & Terra R. 2013. The use of whole grain sorghum in broiler feeds. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 15(3): 217-222.  DOI: 10.1590/S1516-635X2013000300008

Frikha M, Safaa H, Serrano M, Jiménez-Moreno E, Lázaro R & Mateos G. 2011. Influence of the main cereal in the diet and particle size of the cereal on productive performance and digestive traits of brown-egg laying pullets. Animal Feed Science and Technololgy, 164(1-2): 106-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.11.019

Gabriel I, Mallet S & Leconte M. 2003. Differences in the digestive tract characteristics of broiler chickens fed on complete pelleted diet or whole wheat added to pelleted protein concentrate. British Poulty Scinence, 44: 283-290. DOI: 10.1080/0007166031000096470

Gallo A, Landi R, Rubino V, Di Cerbo A, Giovazzino A, Palatucci AT, Centenaro S, Guidetti G, Canello S, Cortese L, Ruggiero G, Alessandrini A & Terrazzano G. 2017. Oxytetracycline induces DNA damage and epigenetic changes: a possible risk for human and animal health?. Peer Journal, 5:e3236. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3236

González-Alvarado JM, Jimenez-Moreno E, Valencia DG, Lazaro R & Mateos GG. 2008. Effects of fiber source and heat processing of the cereal on the development and pH of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers fed diets based on corn or rice. Poultry Science, 87: 1779-1795. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00070

Goodarzi BF, Vahjen W, Mader A, Knorr F, Ruhnke I & Röhe I. 2014. The effects of different thermal treatments and organic acid levels in feed on microbial composition and activity in gastrointestinal tract of broilers. Poultry Science, 93: 1440–52. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03763

Gracia MI, Sánchez J, Millán C, Casabuena Ó, Vesseur P & Martín Á. 2016. Effect of Feed Form and Whole Grain Feeding on Gastrointestinal Weight and the Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in Broilers Orally Infected. PLoS ONE, 11(8): e0160858. DOI: 10.1371/ journal. pone.0160858

Hafeez A, Mader A, Ruhnke I, Röhe I, Boroojeni FG, Yousaf MS, Männer K & Zentek J. 2015. Implication of milling methods, thermal treatment, and particle size of feed in layers on mineral digestibility and retention of minerals in egg contents. Poultry Science, 94(2): 240-8. DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu070

Healy B, Hancock J, Kennedy G, Bramel-Cox P, Behnke K & Hines R. 1994. Optimum particle size of corn and hard and soft sorghum for nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 72(9): 2227-2236. DOI: 10.2527/1994.7292227x

Herrera J, Saldaña B, Guzmán P, Cámara L & Mateos G. 2017. Influence of particle size of the main cereal of the diet on egg production, gastrointestinal tract traits, and body measurements of brown laying hens. Poultry Science, 96(2): 440-448. DOI: 10.3382/ ps/pew256

Huang DS, Li DF, Xing JJ, Ma YX, Li ZJ & Lv SQ. 2006. Effects of feed particle size and feed form on survival of Salmonella typhimurium in the alimentary tract and cecal S. typhimurium reduction in growing broilers. Poultry Science, 85:831–6. DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.5.831

Jacobs C, Utterback P & Parsons C. 2010. Effects of corn particle size on growth performance and nutrient utilization in young chicks. Poultry Science, 89(3): 539-544. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00434

Jahan M, Asaduzzaman M & Sarkar A. 2006. Performance of broiler fed on mash, pellet and crumble. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5(3): 265-270. DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2006.265.270

Jia W & Slominski BA. 2010. Means to improve the nutritive value of flaxseed for broiler chickens: the effect of particle size, enzyme addition, and feed pelleting. Poultry Science, 89(2): 261-9. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00238

Kheravii S, Morgan N, Swick RA, Choct M & Wu SB. 2018a. Roles of dietary fibre and ingredient particle size in broiler nutrition. World's Poultry Science Journal, 74(2): 301-316. DOI: 10.1017/S0043933918000259

Kheravii SK, Swick RA, Choct M & Wu SB. 2018b. Upregulation of genes encoding digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters in the digestive system of broiler chickens by dietary supplementation of fiber and inclusion of coarse particle size corn. BMC Genomics. 19(1): 208. doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-4592-2

Kheravii SK, Swick RA, Choct M & Wu SB. 2018c. Nutrient digestibility response to sugarcane bagasse addition and corn particle size in normal and high Na diets for broilers. Poultry Science, 97(4):1170-1176. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex403

Kheravii S, Swick R, Choct M & Wu, S.B. 2017a. Potential of pelleted wheat straw as an alternative bedding material for broilers. Poultry Science, 96: 1641-1647. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew473

Kheravii S, Swick R, Choct M & Wu SB. 2017b. Coarse particle inclusion and lignocellulose- rich fiber addition in feed benefit performance and health of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 96: 3272-3281.  DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex123

Kiarie EG & Mills A. 2019. Role of feed processing on gut health and function in pigs and poultry: conundrum of optimal particle size and hydrothermal regimens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6: 19.‏ DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00019

Kilburn J & Edwards Jr H. 2001. The response of broilers to the feeding of mash or pelleted diets containing maize of varying particle sizes. British Poultry Science, 42(4): 484-492. DOI: 10.1080/00071660120070578

Kim SW, Li W, Angel R & Plumstead PW. 2019. Modification of a limestone solubility method and potential to correlate with in vivo limestone calcium digestibility. Poultry Science, 98:6837–6848. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez423

Kocer B, Bozkurt M, Küçükyılmaz K, Ege G, Akşit H, Orojpour A, Topbaş S, Tüzün AE, Bintaş E & Seyrek K. 2016. Effects of particle sizes and physical form of the diet on performance, egg quality and size of the digestive organs in laying hens. European Poultry  Science, 80. DOI: 10.1399/eps.2016.159

Li W, Angel R, Plumstead PW & Enting H. 2021. Effects of limestone particle size, phytate, calcium source, and phytase on standardized ileal calcium and phosphorus digestibility in broilers. Poultry Science, 100(2):900-909. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.075

Liu SY, Truong HH & Selle PH. 2015. Whole-grain feeding for chicken-meat production: possible mechanisms driving enhanced energy utilisation and feed conversion. Animal Production Science, 55(5): 559-572.‏ DOI: 10.1071/AN13417

Mahdavi R, Osmanyan AK, Fisinin VI, Ghazi Harsini S, Arkhipova AL, Shevyakov AN, Kovalchuk SN & Kosovsky GY. 2018. Impact of mash and crumble diets on intestinal amino acids transporters, intestinal morphology and pancreatic enzyme activity of broilers. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (Berl). 102(5):1266-1273. DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12956

Mikkelsen LL, Naughton PJ, Hedemann MS & Jensen BB. 2004. Effects of physical properties of feed on microbial ecology and survival of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in the pig gastrointestinaltract. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70: 3485–92. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.6.3485-3492.2004

Mirghelenj SA & Golian A. 2009. Effects of feed form on development of digestive tract, performance and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8: 1911-1915.

Moradi S, Moradi A, Atabaigi Elmi V & Abdollahi MR. 2021. Interactive effect of corn particle size and insoluble fiber source on performance, nutrient utilization and intestine morphology in broilers fed pelleted diets. Journal of Animal Physiology and  Animal Nutrition (Berl), 105(6):1113-1126. DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13532

Mottet A, Tempio G. 2017. Global poultry production: current state and future outlook and challenges. World's Poultry Science Journal, 73(2): 245-56. DOI: 10.1017/ S0043933917000071

Murta G, Fernandes E, Olegário M, Silva C & Pereira P. 2004. Efeito da moagem do sorgo grão sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola. 6: 32.

Naderinejad S, Zaefarian F, Abdollahi MR, Hassanabadi A, Kermanshahi H, Ravindran V. 2016. Influence of feed form and particle size on performance, nutrient utilisation, gastro intestinal tract development and morphometry in broiler starters fed maize-based      diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 215: 92-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.02.012

Nir I, Hillel R, Ptichi I & Shefet G. 1995. Effect of particle size on performance. 3. Grinding pelleting interactions. Poultry Science, 74(5): 771-783. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0740771

Oppong-Sekyere D, Donkoh A & Addo A. 2012. Effect of feed particle size on growth performance of broiler chickens in Ghana. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences 2(3): 241-247.

Pacheco WJ, Stark CR, Ferket PR & Brake J. 2013. Evaluation of soybean meal source and particle size on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, and gizzard development. Poultry Science, 92: 2914-2922. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03186

Parsons AS, Buchanan NP, Blemings KP, Wilson M & Moritz JS. 2006. Effect of corn particle size and pellet texture on broiler performance in the growing phase. Journal of  Appllied Poultry Research, 15: 245-255. DOI: 10.1093/ japr/15.2.245

Prescott JF, Parreira VR, Mehdizadeh GI, Lepp D & Gong J. 2016. The pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens: what we know and what we need to know: a review. Avian Pathology, 45:288–94. DOI: 10.1080/03079457. 2016. 1139688

Ravindran V. 2013. Feed enzymes: The science, practice, and metabolic realities. Journal of Appllied Poultry Research, 22: 628-636. DOI: 10.3382/japr.2013-00739

Reece F, Lott B & Deaton J. 1986. The effects of hammer mill screen size on ground corn particle size, pellet durability, and broiler performance. Poultry Science, 65(7): 1257-1261. DOI: 10.3382/ ps.0651257

Rezaeipour V & Gazani S. 2014. Effects of feed form and feed particle size with dietary L- threonine supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 56:1-5. DOI: 10.1186/2055-0391-56-20

Rohe I, Ruhnke I, Knorr F, Mader A, Boroojeni FG, Löwe R & Zentek J. 2014. Effects of grinding method, particle size, and physical form of the diet on gastrointestinal morphology and jejunal glucose transport in laying hens. Poultry Science, 93(8): 2060-2068. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03783

Rubio A, Hess J, Berry W, Dozier W & Pacheco W. 2020. Effects of corn particle size on broiler performance during the starter, grower, and finisher periods. Journal of Appllied Poultry Research, 29(2): 352-361. DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2019.11.009

Rueda M, Rubio A, Starkey C, Mussini F & Pacheco W. 2022. Effect of conditioning temperature on pellet quality, performance, nutrient digestibility, and processing yield of broilers. Journal of Appllied Poultry Research, 31(2): 100235. DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100235

Ruhnke I, Röhe I, Krämer C, Goodarzi Boroojeni F, Knorr F, Mader A, Schulze E, Hafeez A, Neumann K, Löwe R & Zentek J. 2015. The effects of particle size, milling method, and thermal treatment of feed on performance, apparent ileal digestibility, and pH of the digesta in laying hens. Poultry Science, 94(4): 692-9. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev030

Safaa H, Jiménez-Moreno E, Valencia D, Frikha M, Serrano M & Mateos G. 2009. Effect of main cereal of the diet and particle size of the cereal on productive performance and egg quality of brown egg-laying hens in early phase of production. Poultry Science, 88(3): 608-614. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00328

Saldana B, Guzmán P, Cámara L, Garcia J & Mateos G. 2015. Feed form and energy concentration of the diet affect growth performance and digestive tract traits of brown-egg laying pullets from hatching to 17 weeks of age. Poultry Science, 94(8): 1879-1893. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev145

Selle P, Liu S, Cai J & Cowieson A. 2013. Steam-pelleting temperatures, grain variety, feed form and proteasesupplementation of mediumly ground, sorghum-based broiler diets: influences on growth performance, relative gizzard weights, nutrient utilisation, starch and nitrogen digestibility. Animal Production Science, 53(5): 378-387. DOI: 10.1071/AN12363

Selle PH, Truong HH, Khoddami A, Moss AF, Roberts TH & Liu S.Y. 2019. The impacts of hammer-mill screen size and grain particle size on the performance of broiler chickens offered diets based on two red sorghum varieties. British Poultry Science, 60(3): 209-18. DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1257777

Sulek K, Vigsnaes LK, Schmidt LR, Holck J, Frandsen HL, Smedsgaard J, Skov TH, Meyer AS & Licht TR. 2014. A combined metabolomic and phylogenetic study reveals putatively prebiotic effects of high molecular weight arabino-oligosaccharides when assessed by in vitro fermentation in bacterial communities derived from humans. Anaerobe. 28: 68-77. DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.05.007

Svihus B, Hetland H, Choct M & Sundby F. 2002. Passage rate through the anterior digestive tract of broiler chickens fed on diets with ground and whole wheat. British Poultry Science, 43: 662-668. DOI: 10.1080/0007166021000025037

Svihus B, Uhlen AK & Harstad OM. 2005. Effect of starch granule structure, associated components and processing on nu-tritive value of cereal starch: A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology,
122:303–320. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci. 2005.02.025

Svihus B. 2011. The gizzard: function, influence of diet structure and effects on nutrient availability. World's Poultry Science Journal, 67(2): 207-224. DOI: 10.1017/S0043933911000249

Taylor RD & Jones GP. 2004. The incorporation of whole grain into pelleted broiler chicken diets. II. Gastrointestinal and digesta characteristics. British Poultry Science, 45(2):237-46. DOI: 10.1080/00071660410001715849

Tejeda OJ & Kim WK. 2021. Effects of fiber type, particle size, and inclusion level on the growth performance, digestive organ growth, intestinal morphology, intestinal viscosity, and gene expression of broilers. Poultry Science, 100(10):101397. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101397

Timbermont L, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R & Van Immerseel F. 2011. Necrotic enteritis in broilers: an updatedreviewon the pathogenesis. Avian Pathology, 40: 341–7. DOI: 10.1080/03079457. 2011.590967

Wahlstrom A, Tauson R & Elwinger K. 1999. Production and egg quality as influenced by mash or crumbled diets fed to laying hens in an aviary system. Poultry Science, 78(12): 1675-1680. DOI: 10.1093/ps/78.12.1675

Wang-Li L, Xu Y, Padavagod Shivkumar A, Williams M & Brake J. 2020. Effect of dietary coarse corn inclusion on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, and ammonia emission. Poultry Science, 99(2): 869-878. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.010

Williams RB. 2005. Intercurrent coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis of chickens: rational, integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity. Avian Pathology, 34:159–80. DOI:10.1080/03079450500112195.

Xu Y, Lin Y, Stark C, Ferket P, Williams, C & Brake J. 2017. Effects of dietary coarsely ground corn and 3 bedding floor types on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, gizzard and proventriculus weight, and nutrient digestibility. Poultry Science, 96: 210-2119. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew485

Xu Y, Stark CR, Ferket PR, Williams CM, Auttawong S & Brake J. 2015a. Effects of dietary coarsely ground corn and litter type on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, gastrointestinal tract development, apparent ileal digestibility of energy and nitrogen, and intestinal morphology. Poultry Science, 94: 353-361.  DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu016

Xu Y, Stark CR, Ferket PR, Williams CM, Nusairat B & Brake J. 2015b. Evaluation of litter type and dietary coarse ground corn inclusion on broiler live performance, gastrointestinal tract development, and litter characteristics. Poultry Science, 94: 362-370.  DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu057

Xu Y, Stark CR, Ferket PR, Williams CM & Brake J. 2015c. Effects of feed form and dietary coarse ground corn on broiler live performance, body weight uniformity, relative gizzard weight, excreta nitrogen, and particle size preference behaviors. Poultry Science, 94: 1549-1556. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev074

Xu Y. 2014. Interaction of dietary coarse corn with litter conditions on broiler live performance  and gastrointestinal tract function. North Carolina State University.

Yan L, An S, Lv ZZ, Choct M, Zhou GL, Li Y, Zhuo JS, Wang ZG, Lai JL, Lv MB, Guo YM & Jia YG. 2022. Effects of corn particle size on growth performance, gastrointestinal development, carcass indices and intestinal microbiota of broilers. Poultry Science, 101(12):102205. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102205

Zaefarian F, Abdollahi M & Ravindran V. 2016. Particle size and feed form in broiler diets: impact on gastrointestinal tract development and gut health. World's Poultry Science Journal, 72(2): 277-290. DOI: 10.1017/S0043933916000222

Zang J, Piao X, Huang D, Wang J, Ma X & Ma Y. 2009. Effects of feed particle size and feed form on growth performance, nutrient metabolizability and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 22(1): 107-112. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2009.80352