بررسی ارزش غذایی برون‌تنی جیره‌های کاملاً مخلوط سیلوشده بر پایه یونجه تازه خرد شده در دو سطح ماده خشک و پروتئین خام

AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. Maryland. USA.

Besharati, M., Shafipour. N., Abdi. E. and Nemati, Z. (2017). Effects of supplementation alfalfa silage with molasses, orange pulp and Lactobacillus buchneri on in vitro dry matter digestibility and gas production. Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 6(1):43-47.

Bilal, M.Q. (2009). Effect of molasses and corn as silage additives on the characteristics of mott dwarf elephant grass silage at different fermentation periods. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 29:19-23.

Boga, M., Yurtseven, S., Kilic, U., Aydemir, S. & Polat, T. (2014). Determination of nutrient contents and in vitro gas production values of some legume forages grown in the harran plain saline soils. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27:825-831.

Broderick, G.A. & Kang, J.H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media1. Journal of Dairy Science, 63(1):64-75.

Burns, J.C., Mayland, H.F. & Fisher, D.S. (2005). Dry matter intake and digestion of alfalfa harvested at sunset and sunrise. Journal of Animal Science, 83: 262-270.

Cao, Y., Takahashi, T., Horiguchi, K., Yoshida, N. & Cai, Y. (2010). Methane emissions from sheep fed fermented or non-fermented total mixed ration containing whole-crop rice and rice bran. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 157:72-78.

Chen, L., Dong, Z., Li, J. & Tao, S. (2019). Ensiling characteristics, in vitro rumen fermentation, microbial communities and aerobic stability of low-dry matter silages produced with sweet sorghum and alfalfa mixtures. Journal of Science Food Agriculture, 99:2140–2151.

Denek, N. & Can, A. (2006). Feeding value of wet pomece ensiled with wheat straw and wheat grain for Awassi sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 65:260-265.

Dewhurst, R.J., Hepper, D. & Webster, A.J.F .(1995). Comparison of in sacco and in vitro techniques for estimating the rate and extent of rumen fermentation of a range of dietary ingredients. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 51: 211-229.

D'Mello, J.P.F. (2000). Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 438 pp.

 Glauert A. M, Dingle, JT. & Lucy, JA. (1962). Action of saponin on biological membranes. Nature, 196:953-955.

Eguchi, K., Hattori, I., Sawai, A. & Muraki, M. (2008). Fermentation quality of purple corn [zea mays] silage. (National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region, Kushi, Kumamoto (Japan). Journal of Japanese Society of Grassland Science, 54:141-149.

Fallah, R., Kiani, A. & Azarfar A. (2012). The effect of adding sour yogurt as an inoculant on the quality of fodder corn silage. The first national congress of new Agricultural Science and Technological, 92:85-92. (In Persian).

Fazaeli, H. (2018). Agriculture by-products, Processing and Utilization in Animal Feeding. Press Animal Science Research Institute (ASRI), Karaj, Iran, 467 pp. (In Persian).

Fedorak, D.E. & Hurdy, D.E. (1983). A simple apparatus for measuring gas production by methanogenic cultures in serum bottles. Environment Technologycal, 4:425-432.

Getachew, G., Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. (1998). The in vitro gas coupled with ammonia measurement for evaluation of nitrogen degradability in low quality roughages using incubation medium of different buffering capacity. Journal Science Food Agricultural, 77:87-95.

Getachew, G., Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. (2002). Tropical browses: content of phenolic compounds, in vitro gas production and stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acids and in vitro gas production. Journal of Agriculture Science, 139:341-352.

Hao, W., Wang, H.L, Ning, T.T., Yang, F.Y. & Xu, C.C. (2015). Aerobic stability and effects of yeasts during deterioration of non-fermented and fermented total mixed ration with different moisture levels. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 28:816–826.

Karabulut, A., Canbolat, O., Kalkan, H., Gurbuzol1, F., Sucu, E. & Filya, I. 2007. Comparison of in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and microbial protein production of some legume hays. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 4: 517-522.

Karimi, H. 2017. Alfalfa. 1st edition. Author, University Publishing Center, 50-85.

Kellogg, D. & Owen, F. (1969). Relation of ration sucrose level and grain content to lactation performance and rumen fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 52(5):657-662.

Khanum, S.A. &Yaqoob. T. (2007). Nutritional evaluation of various feedstuffs for livestock production using in vitro gas method. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 27(3):129-133.

Khorvash, M., Colombatto, D., Beauchemin, K.A. Ghorbani, G.R. & Samei, A. (2006). Use of absorbants and inoculants to enhance the quality of corn silage. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 86:97-107.

Kedy, T. (2012). High feed value grass silage: its importance and production. Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Ireland. https://www.teagasc.ie/media.

Kilic, A. 1986. Silo Feed (Instruction, Education and Application Proposals). Bilgehan Press. Izmir, 327 Pp.

McDonald, L., Henderson, N. & Heron, S. (1990). The Biochemistry of Silage. 2nd ed., Chalcombe Pub., UK.

Madrid, J., Martínez‐Teruel, A., Hernández, F. & Megías, M.D. (1999). A comparative study on the determination of lactic acid in silage juice by colorimetric, high‐performance liquid chromatography and enzymatic methods. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 79(12):1722-1726.

Manatbay, B., Cheng, Y., Mao, S. & Zhu, W. (2014). Effect of gynosaponin on rumen in vitro methanogenesis under different forage-concentrate ratios. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27:1088-1097.

McDonald, P., Henderson, A.R. & Heron, S.J.E. (1991). The Biochemistry of Silage. 2nd ed. Chalcombe Publications. Marlow, UK.

Menke, K.H. & Steingass, H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research Development, 28:7-55.

Menke, K.H., Raab, L., Salewski, A., Steingass, H., Fritz, D. & Schneider, W. (1979). The estimation of the digestibility and metabolisable energy content of ruminant feeding stuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 93:217–222.

Miyaji, M. Matsuyama, H. & Nonaka, K. (2017). Effect of ensiling process of total mixed ration on fermentation profile, nutrient loss and in situ ruminal degradation characteristics of diet. Animal Science Journal, 88:134-139.

Miller, L.A., Moorby, J.M., Davies, D.R., Humphreys, M.O., Scollan, N.D., MacRae, J.C. & Theodorou, M.K. (2001). Increased concentration of water‐soluble carbohydrate in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): milk production from late‐lactation dairy cows. Grass and Forage Science, 56:383-394.

Miron, J., Solomon, R., Adin, G.U., Nikbakht, M., Yosef, E., Carmi, A., Weinberg, T., Kipnis, Z.G., Zuckerman, E. & Ben-Ghadalia, D. (2006). Effects of harvest stage, re-growth and ensilage on the yield, composition and in vitro digestibility of new forage sorghum varieties. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 86:140-147.

Naghdi, Z., Dayani, O., Tahmasbi, R., Khezri, A., Sharifi Hoseini, M.M. & Hajalizadeh, Z. (2020). The effect of feeding of Mentha pulegium pulp silage with wasted date on dry matter intake, digestibility and ruminal and blood parameters of Kermani mature rams. Journal of Ruminant Research, 8(3):29-44. (In Persian).

National Research Council. (2001). Nutrient requirement of dairy cattle. 7th rev. ed. National academy press. Washington.

Ørskov, E.R. & McDonald, I. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science, (Cambridge) 92:499-503.

Ohshima, M., Kimura, E. & Yokota, H. 1997. A method of making good quality silage from direct cut alfalfa by spraying previously fermented juice. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 66:129-137.  

Owen, F. & Howard, W. (1965). Effect of ration moisture level on value of alfalfa plus cracked corn as acomplete-feed silage for lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 48:1310–1314.

Pasandi, M., kamali, R. & kavian, A. (2012). The use of molasses to improve the fermantation of sweet corn stover silage. Animal Sciences Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 95:27-32. (In Persian).

Paulo, R.F. (2000). Additives to improve the silage making process with tropical forages. Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Agronomia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.

Raei, Y., Jorat, M., Moghaddam, H., Chaich, M.R. & Weisany, V. (2013). Effect of density on onnotative and collective yield of forage sorghum under water limitation. Journal of Agricultural Science and Ustainable Product, 4:51-65.

Rajabi, R., Tahmasbi, R., Dayani, O. & Khezri, A. (2016). Chemical composition of alfalfa silage with waste date and its feeding effect on ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis in sheep. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 101:466-474.

SAS. (2005). SAS User’s Guide. Statistics. Version 9.1.3 Edition. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary NC.

Selwet, M. (2009). Effect of propionic and formic acid mixtures on the fermentation, fungi development and aerobic stability of maize silage. Polish Journal of Agronology, 1:37-42.

Schmid, J., Sipocz, J., Kaszfis, I., Szakfics, G. & Gyepesm, A. (1997). Preservation of sugar content in ensiled sweet sorghum. Journal of Technology, 60:913-920.

Schingoethe, D.J. (2017). A 100-Year Review: Total mixed ration feeding of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100:10143–10150.

VanSoest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., & Lewis, B.A. (1994). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74:358-359.

Wang, H., Ning, T., Hao, W., Zheng, M. & Xu, C. ( 2015). Dynamics associated with prolonged ensiling and aerobic deterioration of total mixed ration silage containing whole crop corn. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 29:62-72.

Wolin, M.J. (1960). A theoretical rumen fermentation balance. Journal of Dairy Science, 43:1452–1459.

Yogianto, A., Sudarman A., Wina, E. & Jayanegara, A. (2014). Supplementation effects of tannin and saponin extracts to diets with different forage to concentrate ratio on in vitro rumen fermentation and methanogenesis. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 39:144-151.

Yousef Elahi, M., Sheibani, F. & Kardan, V. (2015). The effect of different levels of waste dates with banana leaf and stem silage on the nutritional value and parameters of gas production. First International Conference and Second National Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security.

Yuan, X.J., Guo, G., Wen, A., Desta, S.T., Wang, J., Wang, Y. & Shao, T. (2015). The effect of different additives on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of a total mixed ration silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci. 2015.06.001.