Utilization of Eggshell as Valuable Products for Sustainable Ecosystem and Agriculture (Review)

Abdulrahman I, Tijani HI, Mohammed BA, Saidu H, Yusuf H, Jibrin MN & Mohammed S. 2014. From garbage to biomaterials: an overview on egg shell based hydroxyapatite, Journal of Materials, 25: 802467.6. DOI: 10.1155/2014/ 802467

Afzal M, Muhammad T & Abdul W. 2016. Poultry egg shells-surprising uses. Society of Crop and Animal Production; farmer reformer, 1: 2-3.

Agarwal A & Gupta P. 2014. Removal of Cu & Fe from aqueous solution by using eggshell powder as low-cost adsorbent. Advances in Applied Research, 13: 143-147. DOI: 10.3390/catal10070727

Aisha W, Zishan G & Manzoor H. 2018. Comparative study of various organic fertilizers: effect on growth and yield of two economically important crops, Potato and Pea Agricultural Sciences, 9: 703-717. DOI: 10.4236/as.2018.96049

Al Seadi T & Holm-Nielsen JB. 2004. Agricultural wastes. Waste Management Series, 4: 207–215. DOI: 10.1016/S0713-2743(04)80011-4

Alba-Rubio AC, Jose SG, Josefa MMR & Tores PM. 2010. Heterogeneous transesterification processes by using cao supported on zinc oxide as basic catalysts. Catalysis Today, 149: 281. DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2009.06.024

 

Alejandro GA, Virginia HM, Adrian BP, Miguel AMM & Didilia IM. 2011. Improving the adsorption of heavy metals from water using commercial carbons modified with egg shell wastes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 50: 9354–9362.  DOI: 10.1021/ie200 6627

Ali M & Badawy WZ. 2017.  Utilization of eggshells by-product as a mineral source for fortification of bread strips. Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences, 8: 455 – 459. DOI: 10.21608/jfds. 2017.38960

Alzaidy MN. 2019. Experimental study for stabilizing clayey soil with eggshell powder and plastic wastes. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 518. 022008 IOP Publishing, DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/518/2/022008/meta

Amarnath Y. 2014. Properties of concrete with eggshell powder as cement replacement. The Indian Concrete Journal, 88: 94-105.

Amu OO, Fajobi AB & Oke BO. 2005. Effect of eggshell powder on the stabilizing potential of lime on an expansive clay soil.  Journal of Applied Sciences, 1: 80–84. DOI: 10.3923/jas.2005.14 74.1478

An SH, Kim DW & An BK. 2016. Effects of dietary calcium levels on productive performance: eggshell quality and overall calcium status in aged laying hens. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science,  29: 1477–1482. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15. 0655

Anoop SP, Hizana B, Jwoleena P, Johnson MJ, Tharis MTN & Prasanth S. 2017.  Potential of egg shell powder as replacement of lime in soil stabilization. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 4: 86-88. DOI: 10.22161/ ijaers.4.8.15

Arifa MK, Ephraim R & Rajamani T. 2019. Recent advances in dental hard tissue remineralization: a review of literature. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 12: 139–144. DOI: 10. 5005/jp-journals-10005-1603

Arunlertaree C, Kaewsomboon W & Kumsopa A. 2007. Removal of lead from battery manufacturing wastewater by eggshell. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 29: 857–868.

Ashizawa K & Wishart GJ. 1987. Resolution of the sperm motility-stimulating principle of fowl seminal plasma into Ca²⁺ and an unidentified low molecular weight factor. Reproduction, 81: 495-499.  DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.0810495

Bal R, Tope B, Das T, Hegde S & Sivasanker S. 2001. Alkali-loaded silica, a solid base: investigation by FTIR spectros­copy of adsorbed CO₂ and its catalytic activity. Journal of Catalysis, 204: 358–363. DOI: 10.1006/jcat.2001.3402

Balaz M, Ficeriová J & Briančin J. 2016. Influence of milling on the adsorption ability of eggshell waste. Chemosphere, 146: 458-471. DOI: 10.1016/j. chemosphere.2015.12.002

Balázsi K, Sim HY, Choi JY, Kim SG, Chae CH, & Balázsi C. 2013. Biogenic nanosized hydroxyapatite for tissue engineering applications. In: International Symposium on Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, Riga, Latvia. Springer. October 10–12, 190–193. DOI: 10.1007/ 978-3-642-34197-7_50

Bartter J, Diffey H, Yeung YH, O'Leary F, Häsler B, Maulaga W & Alders R. 2018. Use of chicken eggshell to improve dietary calcium intake in rural sub‐Saharan Africa. Maternal & Child Nutrition. 14: e12649. DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12649

Biesiadecki BJ. 2016. Myofilament modulation of contraction. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysic, 601: 1-3. DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.05. 003

Biswal SK, Pradhan T & Arzoo A. 2019. Response of waste eggshells to soil fertility and its impacts on the growth of Vigna mungo seedlings. Clay Research, 38: 29-34.

Blanken R, Van Vilsteren MJT, Tupker RA & Conraads J. 1989. Effect of mineral oil and linoleic-acid-containing emulsions on the skin vapour loss of sodium-lauryl sulphate-induced irritant skin reactions. Contact Dermatitis, 20: 93-97. DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.1.26

Bonavetti V, Donza H, Menédez G, Cabrera O & Irassar EF. 2003. Limestone filler cement in low w/c concrete: a rational use of energy, Cement and Concrete Research, 33: 865-871. DOI: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)01087-6

Bootwalla SM & Harms RH. 1989. Research note: Effect of supplementary dietary phosphorus on the reproductive capacity and bone integrity of broiler breeder males fed a corn-soybean meal diet. Poultry Science, 68: 115. DOI:10.3382/ps.0681153

Boron L. 2004. Citrato de cálcio obtido da casca de ovo: Biodisponibilidade  e  uso  como  suplemento  alimentar. Ph.D. Thesis.

Brun LR, Lupo M, Damia A, Delorenxi A, Veronica EDL & Alfredo R. 2013. Chicken eggshell as suitable calcium source at home. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 64: 740-743. DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.787399

Chakraborty MA. 2007. Chicken eggshell as calcium supplement tablet. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, 5: 3520–3525. DOI: 10.17221/6/2017-RAE

Chandramohan M, Priyadharshini C, Jayaganesh M, Karthik P, Iswarya M, Sruthi S & Srisunmathi R. 2020. Application and merits of Eggshell membrane in cosmetics. Research Journal of Topical and Cosmetic Sciences, 11: 24-31. DOI: 10.5958/2321-5844.2020.00006.0

Chen G, Shan R, Shi J & Yan B. 2014. Ultrasonic-assisted production of biodiesel from transesterification of palm oil over ostrich eggshell-derived CaO catalysts. Bioresource Technology, 171:428–432. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.102

Clapham DE. 1995. Calcium signalling. Cell, 80: 259-268. DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90408-5

Compston JE. 1995. The role of vitamin D and calcium supplementation in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures in the elderly.  Clinical Endocrinology, 43: 393–405. DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90408-5

Czernichow S, Fan T, Nocea G & Sen SS. 2010. Calcium and vitamin D intake by postmenopausal women with osteoporosis in France. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 26: 1667- 74. DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2010.483658

Daengprok W, Garnjanagoonchorn W & Naivikul O. 2003. Chicken egg shell matrix proteins enhance calcium transport in the human intestinal epithelial cells, Caco-2. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 6056–61. DOI: 10.1021/jf034261e

Dasgupta P, Singh A, Adak S & Purohit KM. 2004. “Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite produced from eggshell,” in Proceedings of the International Symposium of Research Students on Materials Science and Engineering, 5: 1–6. DOI: 10.4236/jmmce.2016.42011

Davis AL, Curtis PA, Conner DE, McKee SR & Kerth LK. 2008. Validation of cooking methods using shell eggs inoculated with Salmonella serotypes Enteritidis and Heidelberg. Poultry Science, 87: 1637-42. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00419

Dawodu FA, Ayodele O, Xin J, Zhang S & Yan D. 2014. Effective conversion of non-edible oil with high free fatty acid into biodiesel by sulphonated carbon catalyst. Applied Energy, 114: 819–826. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.10.004

Dawson-Hughes B. 1998. Vitamin D and calcium: recommended intake for bone health. Osteoporosis International, 8: s30–s34. DOI: 10.1007/PL00022 730

Dondi D, Albini A & Serpone N. 2006. Interactions between different solar UVB/UVA filters contained in commercial suncreams and consequent loss of UV protection. Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 5: 835–843. DOI: 10.1039/B606768A

Ducheyne P, van Raemdonck W, Heughebaert JC & Heughebaert M. 1986. Structural analysis of hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium, Biomaterials, 7: 97–103.  DOI: 10.1016/0142-9612(86)90063-3

Dupoirieux L, Pourquier D & Souyris F. 1995. Powdered eggshell: a pilot study on a new bone substitute for use in maxillofacial surgery. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, 23: 187–194. DOI: 10.1016/s1010-5182(05)80009-5

Elshik AE, Etman WM & Genaid TM. 2020. Resistance of chicken egg shell powder treated demineralized enamel to further acidic challenges. Tanta Dental Journal, 17: 38-44. DOI: 10.4103/tdj.tdj_14_19

Fleming KH & Heimbach JT. 1994. Consumption of calcium in the US: food sources and intake levels. The Journal of Nutrition, 124: 1426S-1430S.  DOI: 10.1093/jn/124.suppl_8.1426S

Froning GW. 1998. Recent advances in egg products. University of California Riverside and Modesto egg Posstlethwaite, AE, JM. Seyer and AH. Kang, 1978. processing workshop. June 2-3, 1998.

Gaonkar M & Chakraborthy AP. 2016. Application of eggshell as fertilizer and calcium supplement tablet. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) 5: 3520-3520. DOI: 10.17221/6/2017-RAE

Gaurav BD & Navin KK. 2017. Formulation and evaluation of toothpaste by using eggshells. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 6: 534-543.

Ghomi M, Fathi H & Edris H. 2011. Preparation of nanostructure hydroxyapatite scaffold for tissue engineering applications. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 58: 642–650. DOI: 10.1007/s10971-011-2439-2

Giddings D, Pickering S, Simmons K & Eastwick C. 2002. Combustion and aerodynamic behaviour of car tyre chips in a cement works precalciner, Journal of the Institute of Energy, 75: 91–99. 

Gongruttananun. 2011. Effects of using eggshell waste as a calcium source in the diet of Island Red roosters on semen quality, gonadal development, plasma calcium and bone status. Agriculture and Natural Resources, 45: 413 – 421.

Guarderas F, Leavell Y, Sengupta T, Zhukova M & Megraw TL. 2016. Assessment of chicken-cgg membrane as a dressing for wound healing. Advances in Skin and Wound Care, 29: 131-4.  DOI: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000480359.58866.e9

Guard-Petter J. 2001. The chicken, the egg and Salmonella enteritidis. Environmental microbiology, 3: 421-430. DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2001.00213.x

Habeeb O, Yasin FMD & Umar AD. 2014. Characterization and application of chicken eggshell as green adsorbents for removal of H2S from wastewaters. DOI:10.9790/2402-081130712

Hafez MH & Attia YA. 2020. Challenges to the poultry industry: current perspectives and strategic future after the COVID-19 outbreak. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7: 516. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00516

Haghgoo R, Mehran M, Ahmadvand M & Ahmadvand MJ. 2016. Remineralisation effect of eggshell versus nano-hydroxyapatite on caries-like lesions in permanent teeth (in vitro). Journal of International Oral Health, 8: 435. DOI: 10.21608/adjalexu.2020.86761

Hamester MRR, Balzer PS & Becker D. 2012. Characteriza­tion of calcium carbonate obtained from oyster and mus­sel shells and incorporation in polypropylene. Materials Research, 15: 204–208.  DOI: 10.1590/S1516-14392012005000014

Hofmeyr G, Lawrie TA, Atallah ÁN, Duley L & Torloni MR. 2014. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6: CD001059. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001059.pub4

Holmes JD & Rueber D. 2007. Use of ground eggshells as a lime source. Iowa State Research Farm Progress Reports.

Islam K, Tahrima AT, Anwarul AA & Nazmul A. 2019. Human uptake of eggshell powder as an alternate source of calcium.  Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18: 249-255. DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v18i2.44465

Jariwala HJ & Syed HS. 2016. Study on use of fruit peels powder as a fertilizer. Recent Advances in Environmental Sciences and Engineering. 12: 789-791.

Jhatial AA, Sohu S, Memom MMJ, Bhatti NK & Darya M. 2019. Eggshell powder as partial cement replacement and its effect on the workability and compressive strength of concrete. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 6: 71-75. DOI: 10.21833/ijaas.2019.09.011

Joshi G, Rawat DS, Lamba BY, Bisht KK, Kumar P, Ku­mar N & Kumar S. 2015. Transesterification of Jatropha and Karanja oils by using waste egg shell derived calcium based mixed metal oxides. Energy Conversion Management, 96: 258–267. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2015.02.061

Jou-Hsuan H, Yi-Ning Y, Hui-Wen W, Sok KK, Yieng-How C & Chi-Fa C. 2014. Removal of nickel and silver ions using eggshells with membrane, eggshell membrane, and eggshells. Food Science and Technology Research, 20: 337-343. DOI: 10.3136/fstr.20.337

Kallahalli M, Sanjay V, Govinduraju P, Darshana B, Bhadravathi V & Antharasanahalli S. 2016.  Antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available toothpastes. Journal Young Pharmacists, 7: 187-93. 31. https://www.jyoungpharm.org/article/771.

Kalman DS & Susan HRD. 2020. The effect of oral hydrolyzed eggshell membrane on the appearance of hair, skin and nails in healthy middle-aged adults: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 19: 1463-1472.  DOI: 10.1111/ jocd.13275

Kavithambika S & Palanichamy NV. 2021. Excellent use of eggshells.  Kisan World, 48: 23-24.

Kewpie. 2014. Investors' guide 2015. Website. Retrieved from http://www.kewpie.co.jp/english/ ir/index05.html. DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12649

Khemthong P, Luadthong C, Nualpaeng W, Changsuwan P, Tongprem P, Viriya-Empikul N & Faungnawakij, K. 2012. Industrial eggshell wastes as the heterogeneous catalysts for microwave-assisted biodiesel production. Catalysis Today, 190: 112–116. DOI: 10.12691/rse-1-2-1

Kikuchi T, Fuji Y & Fukunaga M. 1994. Effect of eggshell calcium on bone mineral maintenance in lactating rats. Journal of Japanese Society of Nutrition and Food Science, 47:11-14.

King’ori M. 2011. A Review of the uses of poultry eggshells and shell membranes. International Journal of Poultry Science, 10: 908–912. DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2011.908.912

Kobus-Cisowska J, Szymanowska-Powałowska D, Szymandera-Buszka K, Rezler R, Jarzębski M, Szczepaniak O, Marciniak G, Jędrusek-Golińska A & Kobus-Moryson M. 2020. Effect of fortification with calcium from eggshells on bioavailability, quality, and rheological characteristics of traditional Polish bread spread. Journal of Dairy Science, 103: 6918-6929. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18027

Krittiya L, Pornpan S, Manassanun N & Supawadee C. 2016. Effect of eggshell as a calcium source of breeder cock diet on semen quality. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 11: 137 – 142.

Kumar GS, Arumugam T, Girija EK. 2012. Microwave conversion of eggshells into flower-like hydroxyapatite nanostructure for biomedical applications. Materials Letters, 76: 198–200. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2012.02.106.

Kurniatuti T. 2018. Effects of ricehusk ash and eggshell on the growth and yield of red chilli (Capsicum annum L.). Journal of Academic Research and Sciences, 3: 46-51.

Ladouce M, Barakat T, Liansu B, Deparis O & Mouchet SR.2020. Scattering of ultraviolet light by avian eggshells. Faraday Discussions, 223: 63-80. DOI: 10.1039/D0FD00034E

Lahieb FM, Farah FM & Zainab MA. 2018. Eggshell as natural sorbent to remove cadmium ions from simulated waste water. Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 23:  167-177.

Li-Chan EC & Kim HO. 2008. Structure and chemical composition of eggs. Egg Bioscience and Biotechnology. DOI: 10.3390/nu7105394

Lippens F, Asritha N & Shawkey MD. 2017. Exploring the use of unprocessed waste chicken eggshells for UV-protective applications daphne. Sustainability, 9: 232. DOI:10.3390/su9020232

Liu HS, Chin TS & Lai LS. 1997. Hydroxyapatite synthesized by a simplified hydrothermal method, Ceramics International, 23: 19–25. DOI: 10.1016/0272-8842(95)00135-2

Liu J, Ye X, Wang H, Zhu M, Wang B, & Yan H. 2003. The influence of pH and temperature on the morphology of hydroxyapatite synthesized by hydrothermal method, Ceramics International, 29:  629–633. DOI: 10.1016/S0272-8842(02)00210-9

Lombardini M, Ceci M, Colombo M, Bianchi S & Poggio C. 2014. Preventive effect of different toothpastes on enamel erosion: AFM and SEM studies. The Journal of Scanning Microscopies, 36: 401-410. DOI: 10.1002/sca.21132

Lozano R, Joseph JM, Kline BJ. 1994. Temperature, pH and agitation rate as dissolution test discriminators of zofenopril calcium tablets. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 12: 173-177. DOI: 10.1016/0731-085(94) 90027-2

Madhavi G & Chakraborty AP. 2016.  Application of eggshell as fertilizer and calcium supplement tablet. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 5: 3520-3525.

Mann J & Trustwell S. 2017. Essentials of Human Nutrition. Fifth Edition. Edited by Jim Mann and Stewart Truswell. ISBN: 978019875 2981

Margaritha JQ, Micaela AR & Soares RQ. 2007. Applications of industrial eggshell as a valuable anthropogenic resource. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 123: 176-186. DOI: 10.1016/ j.resconrec.2016.09.027

Martin-Luengo M, Yates M, Ramos M, Saez Rojo E, Mar­tinez Serrano A, Gonzalez Gil L & Hitzky ER. 2011.  Biomaterials from beer manufacture waste for bone growth scaffolds. Green Chemical Letter Review, 4: 229–233. DOI: 10.1080/17518253. 2010.544331

Mayur K & Sagar S. 2019. Study on eggshell and fruit peels as a fertilizer. In: Conference: International Conference on Sustainable Development (ICSD 2019) at: Pune. Volume: Novateur Publications IJIERT-ISSN No: 2394-3696 ISBN. No. 978-93-87901-05-6.

Mine, Y. 2008. Egg bioscience and biotechnology retrieved from http:// usyd.eblib.com.au/ pFullRecord/ FullRecord.aspx?p =335706.

Mony B, Ebenezar AR, Ghani MF & Narayanan A. 2015. Effect of chicken egg shell powder solution on early enamel carious lesions: an in vitro preliminary tudy. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 9: ZC30-ZC32. DOI: 10.78 60/JCDR/2015/11404.5656

Morin P, Hamad B, Sapaly G, Rocha MC, de Oliveira PP, Gonzalez W, Sales EA & Essayem N. 2007. Transes­terification of rapeseed oil with ethanol: I. Catalysis with homogeneous Keggin heteropolyacids. Applied Catalysis A: General, 330: 69–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2007.07.011

Mulijani S & Sulistyso G. 2012. Formation and characterization of hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite: effect of composite hydroxyapatite coating and its application on biomedical materials, in Chemistry of Phytopotentials: health, energy and environmental perspectives, L. D. Khemani, M. M. Srivastava, and S. Srivastava, Eds., Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2012. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37186

Munirwan RP, Ramadhansyah PJ, Munirwansyah R. 2019. Performance of eggshell powder addition to clay soil for stabilization. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8: 532-535.

Murakami FS, Rodrigues PO, Campos CM & Silva MA. 2007. Physicochemical study of CaCO3 from egg shells. Food Science and Technology,  27: 658-62. DOI: 10.1590/S0101-20612007000300035

Nakano T, Ikama NI & Ozimek L. 2003. Chemical composition of eggshell and shell membranes. Poultry Science, 82: 510-514. DOI: 10.1093/ps/ 82.3.510

Nakatani N, Takamori H, Takeda K & Sakugawa H. 2009. Transesterification of soybean oil using combusted oyster shell waste as a catalyst. Bioresource Technology, 100: 1510–1513. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.007.

Navajas A, Issariyakul T, Arzamendi G, Gandía L & Dalai A. 2013. Development of eggshell derived catalyst for trans­esterification of used cooking oil for biodiesel production. Asia–Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 8: 742–748. DOI: 10.1002/ apj.1715

Naves MMV, Fernandes DC, Prado CMM & Teixeira LSM. 2007. Food fortification with egg shell powder as a calcium source. Food Science and Technology, 27: 99-103. DOI: 10.1590/S0101-20612007000100017

Neuman SL, Lin TL & Hester PY. 2002. The effect of dietary carnitine on semen traits of White Leghorn roosters. Poultry Science, 81: 495–503. DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.10.2228

Niju S, Meera K, Begum S & Anantharaman N. 2014. Modi­fication of egg shell and its application in biodiesel pro­duction. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 18: 702–706. DOI: 10.1016/ j.jscs. 2014. 02.010

Norris LC, Kratzer FH, Lin HJ, Hellewell AB & Beljan JR. 1972. Effect of quantity of dietary calcium on maintenance of bone integrity in mature White Leghorn male chickens. The Journal of Nutrition, 102: 1085-91. DOI: 10.1093/jn/102.8. 1085

NRC (National Research Council). 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National Academies Press. 196 pages.

Nys Y, Gautron J, McKee M,  Ruiz JG  & Hinke MT. 2001. Biochemical and functional characterisation of eggshell matrix proteins in hens. World's Poultry Science Journal, 57: 401-413. DOI: 10.1079/ WPS 20010029

Oliveira DA, Benelli P & Amante ER. 2013. A literature review on adding value to solid residues: egg shells. Journal of Cleaner Production, 46: 42-47. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.09.045

Onwubu S, Mdluli SP, Shenuka S, Ngombane Y. 2019. Characterization and in vitro evaluation of an acid resistant nanosized dental eggshell-titanium dioxide material. Advanced Powder Technology, 3. DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2019.01.005

Onwubu SC, Vahed A, Singh S & Kanny K. 2017. Physico-chemical characterisation of a dental eggshell powder abrasive material. Journal of Applied and Biomaterials and Functional Materials, 23: 456-457. DOI: 10.5301/jabfm. 5000 361

Pak CY & Walsdorf NB. 1989. Liquid calcium supplementation from readily soluble mixtures of calcium compound and citric acid. Google Patents.

Park HJ, Jeong SW, Yang JK, Kim BG & Lee SM. 2007. Removal of heavy metals using waste eggshell. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19: 1436–1441. DOI:10.1016/S1001-0742(07 60234-4

Park K, Yoo J & Shin Y. 2012. Effects of egg shell membrane hydrolysates on skin whitening, wound healing, and UV-protection. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 32. DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2012.32.3.308

Petry TM & Dallas N. 2002. Review of stabilization of clays and expansive soils in pavements and lightly loaded structures history, practice, and future. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 14: 447-460. DOI: 10.1061/ (ASCE)0899-1561(2002)14: 6(447)

Phil G & Zhihong M. 2009. High value products from hatchery waste. RIRDC publication no. 09/061.

Pongtonglor P, Hooninvathana E, Limsuwan P, Limsuvan S, Naemchantha K. 2011. Utilization of waste eggshells as humidity adsorbent, Journal of Applied Sciences, 11:  3659–3662.

Poornika KB, Darshan NB, Manjunath RT, Revansidappa KR & Sanjay MT. 2019.  Review study of egg shell powder as a cement replacing material in concrete. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 6: 5432-5436.

Prabhakar R, Moorthy M, Edwin SC, Mani K & Ramesh SV. 2014. Effect of dietary levels of calcium carnitine and zinc on semen characteristics of cross-bred chicken. Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research, 43: 180 – 186. DOI: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.12.023

Pundir CS, Bhambi M & Chauhan NS. 2009. Chemical activation of egg shell membrane for covalent immobilization of enzymes and its evaluation as inert support in urinary oxalate determination. Talanta, 77: 1688-93. DOI: 10.1016/ j.talanta.2008. 10.004

Purwanti H & Heruwati Y. 2020. Chicken eggshell waste as a vegetable breeding media at the culinary department of SMK Negeri 4 Yogyakarta. Journal of Vocational Education Studies, 3: 19-24. DOI: 10.12928/joves.v3i1.1367

 Radha T & Karthikeyan G. 2019. Hen eggshell as fertilizer for the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris (Cow pea seeds). Research Journal of Lifesciences, Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 5: 398-406. DOI: 10.26479/ 2019. 0501.35

Radhika Y, Sriram M & Aarti T. 2020.  Egg shell powder as an unusual food ingredient for calcium fortification, Food and Agriculture Spectrum Journal. 1: 3.

Ray S, Amit KB, Pradip KR & Bipin KS. 2017. Chicken eggshell powder as dietary calcium source in chocolate cakes. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 6: 1-4.

Rezaei R, Mohadesi M & Moradi G. 2013. Optimization of biodiesel production using waste mussel shell catalyst. Fuel, 109: 534–541. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.03.004

Rhee S. 2002. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite via mechanochemical treatment. Biomaterials, 23:  1147–1152. DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00229-0

Ricci A, Chrétien MN, Maretti L & Scaiano JC. 2003. TiO2-promoted mineralization of organic sunscreens in water suspension and sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 2: 487–492. DOI. DOI: 10.1039/B212815B

Rittié L & Fisher GJ. 2002. UV-light-induced signal cascades and skin aging. Ageing Research Reviews, 1: 705-720. DOI: 10.1016/S1568-1637(02)00024-7

Rivera EM, Araiza M, Brostow W, Castano VM, Diaz-Estrada J, Hernandez R & Rodriguez JR. 1999.  Synthesis of hydroxyapatite from eggshells. Materials Letters, 41: 128–134. DOI: 10.1016/ S0167-577X(99)00118-4

Romanoff AL & Romanoff AJ. 1949. The Avian Egg. John Wiley & sons, Inc. New York, NY. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0351190

Ross EA, Szabo NJ, Tebbett IR. 2000. Lead content of calcium supplements. JAMA., 284: 1425-9. DOI: 10.1001/jama.284.11.1425

Rovenský J, Stancíková M, Masaryk P, Svík K & Istok R. 2003. Eggshell calcium in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research, 23: 83-92. PMID: 15018022.

Ruff KJ, Devore DP, Leu MD & Robinson MA. 2009. Eggshell membrane: A possible new natural therapeutic for joint and connective tissue disorders. Results from two open-label human clinical studies. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 4: 235-40. DOI: 10.2147/cia.s5797

Sakai S, Hein VTT, Tuyn LD, Duc HA, Masuda Y & Yamamoto S. 2016. Effects of eggshell calcium supplementation on bone biomass in post-menopausal Vietnamese women. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 63: 120-124. DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.63.120

Sandleen F, Faisal M & Saleha NH. 2017. Protective effect of chicken egg shell powder solution (CESP) on artificially induced dental erosion: An in vitro atomic force microscope study. International Journal of Dental Sciences and Research, 5: 49-55. DOI: 10.12691/ijdsr-5-3-2

Schaafsma A & Pakan I. 1999. Short-term effects of a chicken egg shell powder enriched dairy-based products on bone mineral density in persons with osteoporosis or osteopenia. Bratislavske Lekarske Listy, 100: 651–6. PMID: 10758743.

Schaafsma A, Pakan I, Hofstede GJ, Muskiet FA, Van Der Veer E & De Vries P. 2000. Mineral, amino acid, and hormonal composition of chicken eggshell powder and the evaluation of its use in human nutrition. Poultry Science, 79: 1833-1838. DOI: 10.1093/ps/79.12.1833

Schaafsma A, van Doormaal JJ, Muskiet FA, Hofstede GJ, Pakan I & van der Veer E. 2002. Positive effects of a chicken eggshell powder-enriched vitamin–mineral supplement on femoral neck bone mineral density in healthy late post-menopausal Dutch women. British Journal of Nutrition, 87: 267-275. DOI: 10.1079/BJN2001515

Scheideler SE. 1998. Eggshell calcium effects on egg quality and Ca digestibility in first-or third-cycle laying hens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 7: 69–74. DOI: 10.1093/japr/7.1.69

Syazwani ON, Rashid U & Yap YHT. 2015. Low-cost solid catalyst derived from waste Cyrtopleura costata (Angel Wing Shell) for biodiesel production using microalgae oil. Energy Conversion Management, 101: 749–756. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2015.05.075

Tan YH, Abdullah MO & Nolasco-Hipolito C. 2015. The potential of waste cooking oil-based biodiesel using het­erogeneous catalyst derived from various calcined eggshells coupled with an emulsification technique: A review on the emission reduction and engine performance. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47: 589–603. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.048

Than MM, Lawanprasert P & Jateleela S. 2012. Utilization of eggshell powder as excipient in fast and sustained release acetaminophen tablets. Mahidol University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,  39: 32–38. DOI: 10.13140/ RG. 2.2. 16360.16643

Tocan AGJ.  1999. Utilization of chick hatchery waste: The nutritional characteristics of day-old chick and eggshell Agricultural Wastes, 4: 335-343. DOI: 10.1016/0141-4607(82)90030-0

Tsai WT, Hsien KJ, Hsu HC, Lin CM, Lin KY & Chiu CH. 2008a. Utilization of ground eggshell waste as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes from aqueous solution. Bioresource Technology, 99:1623–1629. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.010

Tsai WT, Yang JM, Hsu HC, Lin CM, Lin KY & Chiu CH. 2008b. Development and characterization of mesoporos­ity in eggshell ground by planetary ball milling. Micropo­rous and Mesoporous Materials, 111: 379–386. DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso. 2007. 08.010

Uchida. 2000.  Essential nutrients for plant growth: Nutrient functions and deficiency symptoms. In Plant nutrient management in Hawaii soils, Honolulu: College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii.

van Mierlo LAJ, Arends LR, Streppel MT, Zeegers MPA, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE & Geleijnse JM. 2006. Blood pressure response to calcium supplementation: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Human Hypertension, 20: 571–580. DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002038

Verma N, Kumar V & Bansal MC. 2012. Utilization of egg shell waste in cellulase production by Neurospora crassa under Wheat bran-based solid state fermenta­tion. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 21: 491–497.

Villar J, Abdel‐Aleem H, Merialdi M, Mathai M, Ali M & Zavaleta N. 2006.  World health organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 194: 639‐49. DOI: 10.1016/ j.ajog. 2006.01.068.

Viriya-Empikul N. Krasae P, Puttasawat B, Yoosuk B, Chol­lacoop N & Faungnawakij K. 2010. Waste shells of mollusk and egg as biodiesel production catalysts. Bioresource Technology, 101: 3765–3767. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.079

 Vuong TT, Rønning SB, Suso HP, Schmidt R, Prydz K, Lundström M, Moen A & Pedersen ME. The extracellular matrix of eggshell displays anti-inflammatory activities through NF-κB in LPS-triggered human immune cells. Journal of Inflammation Research, 10: 83-96. DOI: 10.2147/JIR.S130974

Waheed M, Sadiq MB, Aamir S, Noranizan MA, Muhamme A, Shabbir H, Ansar RS & Rana MA. 2019. Eggshell calcium: A cheap alternative to expensive supplements. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 91: 219-230. DOI: 10.1016/ j.tifs.2019.07.021

Whiting SJ. 1994. Safety of some calcium supplements questioned. Nutrition Reviews, 52: 95-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1994.tb01396.x

William NS, Horracio SR, Paulo RS, Luis FU & Marcelo AS. 2006. Nutritional requirements of calcium in white laying hens from 46 to 62 wk of age. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2: 181–184. DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2006.181.184

Williams AB, Decourten-Myers GM, Fischer JE, Luo G, Sun X & Hasselgren PO. 1999. Sepsis stimulates release of myofilaments in skeletal muscle by a calcium dependent mechanism. The FASEB Journal, 13: 1435-1443. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90226.2008

Witoon T. 2011. Characterization of calcium oxide derived from waste eggshell and its application as CO2 sorbent. Ceramic International, 37:3291–3298. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.05.125

Wong M, Hendrix MJC, Mark K, Little C & Stern R. 1984. Collagen in the eggshell membranes of the hen. Developmental Biology, 104: 28-36. DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(84)90033-2

Wu S, Tsou H, Hsu H, Hsu S, Liou S & Ho W. 2013. A hydrothermal synthesis of eggshell and fruit waste extract to produce nanosized hydroxyapatite”. Ceramics International, 39: 8183–8188. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.03.094

Xinchen Wu, Stephanie I, Stroll DL, Sanika S, Gulden C. 2019.  Eggshell particle-reinforced hydrogels for bone tissue engineering: an orthogonal approach. Biomaterials Science, 7: 2675 DOI: 10.1039/C9BM00230H

Yaser, F. 2019. Biodiesel production via waste eggshell as a low-cost heterogeneous catalyst: Its effects on some critical fuel properties and comparison with CaO. Fuel, 255: 115828. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115828

Yin X, Duan X, You Q, Dai C, Tan Z & Zhu X. 2016.  Bio-diesel production from soybean oil deodorizer DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.01.026

Yoo J, Park K, Yoo Y, Kim J, Yang H & Shin, Y. 2014. Effects of egg shell membrane hydrolysates on anti-inflammatory, anti-wrinkle, anti-microbial activity and moisture-protection. Korean Journal for Food Science of animal Resources, 34: 26-32. DOI: 10. 5851/ kosfa. 2014. 34.1.26

Ziad TAA, Mohammed AI & Hud MM. 2016. Eggshell powder as an adsorbent for removal of Cu (II) and Cd (II) from aqueous solution: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Al-Nahrain University College of Enineering Journal. 91: 186 – 193.  DOI: 10.1155/2012/790401.